Thermodynamics is the study of energy in systems, and the distribution of energy among components. The theory or a law is called timereversal invariant tri if the classw. For combined system and surroundings, entropy never decreases. Advanced metallurgical thermodynamics nptel online videos. That means that energy spontaneously disperses from being localized to becoming spread out if it is not hindered from doing so. Jee maths limits iit jee most important questions for jee main 2020 vedantu vedantu math 1,315 watching live now.
Each of the entropy production rates is always positive. The first, second, and third law of thermodynamics thlaws05. The second law of thermodynamics institute for energy. The work exerted by the system is given by work pdv 1 2. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics which convey a quantitative description using measurable macroscopic physical quantities, but may be explained in terms of microscopic constituents by statistical.
The first law states that when heat is added to a system, some of that energy stays in the system and some leaves the system. The energy that leaves does work on the area around it. Lecture 15 first law of thermodynamics linkedin slideshare. The equation of state for an ideal gas is p nrtv, with n the number of moles of the gas contained in the chamber. The first law of thermodynamics from the diagrams above, the work done by the system and the heat added to the system vary with the path taken. By contrast, the second law of thermodynamics allows us to know how well an energy system performs in terms of the quality of the energy.
Second law of thermodynamics and can be stated as follows. The first law of thermodynamics is the restatement of conservation of energy. The increase of the internal energy of a system is equal to the sum of the heat added to the system plus the work done on the system. Note that work does not contribute to the entropy change. The first law places no restriction on the direction of a process, and satisfying the first law does not guarantee that the process will occur. The first law of thermodynamics university college dublin. Physics videos by eugene khutoryansky 596,747 views.
Lec12 second law and available energyiii by nptelhrd. This is a process that has 100% conversion of heat into work. And one place you always find entropy is in the second law of thermodynamics, because it allows us a third way to state the second law, which is that the total entropy of a closed system will always be seen to increase. There are several ways in which the second law of thermodynamics can be stated. Zeroth law of thermodynamics and absolute temperature. Concepts such as absolute zero and triple point of water are defined. The second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics asserts that processes occur in a certain direction and that the energy has quality as well as quantity. Lecture series on applied thermodynamics for marine systems by prof. Clausius statement it is impossible to construct a device that operates in a cycle and produces no effect other than the transfer of heat from a lower. The zeroth law of thermodynamics may be stated in the following form. The 0th and 1st laws of thermodynamics doc physics youtube. Technically, if its a reversible process, the entropy could stay the same. Gases expand from a high pressure to a low pressure.
The laws of thermodynamics define fundamental physical quantities temperature, energy, and entropy that characterize thermodynamic systems. Theres about 10 different ways to state it, which is one reason why its weird. Advanced metallurgical thermodynamics nptel online. Fundamentals of thermodynamics, sonntag, borgnakke, and van wylen thermodynamics. The second law the level of disorder in the universe is steadily increasing. Basic thermodynamics nptel online videos, courses iit. Energy that stays in the system creates an increase in the internal energy of the system. Second law of thermodynamics, entropy and availbility kelvinplan statement and clausius statement of the second law reversibility, irreversibility and carnot cycle. In the second law work and heat are treated in an essentially di. The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is conserved even when its form is changed, as for instance from mechanical energy to heat. Second law of thermodynamics simply stated this just says that heat always flows from hot objects to cold objects never from cold objects to hot objects so if i take some sodas and theyre warm and i stick them in an ice cooler full of ice, the cold doesnt go from the ice into the can, the heat actually goes from the ha cans into the ice and warms up the ice thereby making the cans colder so. This is the first of a series of lectures on thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics says the entropy of the universe increases during any spontaneous process. Nptel video lectures, iit video lectures online, nptel youtube lectures.
The first law places no restriction on the direction of a process, and satisfying the first law. The behavior of these quantities is governed by the four laws of thermodynamics which convey a quantitative description using measurable macroscopic physical quantities, but may be explained in terms of microscopic constituents by. The first law of thermodynamics is a version of the law of conservation of energy, adapted for thermodynamic systems. Dec 03, 2012 thermodynamics and the end of the universe. The fi rst law of thermodynamics, that energy is conserved, just ells us what can happen. In a theory like classical thermodynamics, in which the state does not contain velocitylike parameters, one may take r to be the identity transformation. Som, department of mechanical engineering, iit kharagpur. The first law of thermodynamics is a little simpler. No device is possible whose sole effect is to transform a given amount of heat completely into work. According to joules law, under these conditions the temperature of the gas does not change, which implies. The first law, also known as law of conservation of energy, states that energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system. Bahrami ensc 388 f09 2nd law of thermodynamics 1 the second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics asserts that processes occur in a certain direction and that the energy has quality as well as quantity. This law states consider three bodies namely a, b, c, if a and b are individually in thermal equilibrium with a third body c then, the bodies a and b also will. Lec1 introduction and fundamental concepts lec2 zeroth law and fundamental concepts.
The vast majority of the time, the second law of thermodynamics is obeyed. Joules law leads to an important conclusion concerning the internal energy of an ideal gas. Lets start with one of the most common ways to state it, which is, if youve got a cold object and a hot object, heat will never be seen to flow spontaneously from a colder object to a hotter. Moduleii combustion thermodynamics applied thrmodynamics 2014. Irreversibility and the second law of thermodynamics. The discussion begins with understanding temperature. It must be emphasized that these quantities are defined in. If two systems are both in thermal equilibrium with a third system then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other. Second law of thermodynamics simply stated this just says that heat always flows from hot objects to cold objects never from cold objects to hot objects so if i take some sodas and theyre warm and i stick them in an ice cooler full of ice, the cold doesnt go from the ice into the can, the heat actually goes from the ha cans into the ice and warms up the ice thereby making the cans. A rock will fall if you lift it up and then let go.
The second law of thermodynamics states that the total entropy of an isolated system will stay the same or increase over time. There are four laws of thermodynamics, they are zeroth law of thermodynamics first law of thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics third law of thermodynamics zeroth law of thermodynamics. The second law of thermodynamics the second law of thermodynamics states that processes occur in a certain direction, not in just any direction. Thermodynamics is a branch of physics that deals with heat and temperature, and their relation to energy, work, radiation, and properties of matter. Suppose you are asked whether you have ever seen the reverse of these processes take place. Phys 200 lecture 21 thermodynamics open yale courses. Thermodynamic property, state, equilibrium and process. Energy, entropy, and the fundamental laws of physics. Introduction to second law of thermodynamics youtube. It says that a cup of hot coffee in a cold room will cool down rather than. An isolated system that is at equilibrium is at the maximum entropy possible for that system and the further away from equilibrium a system is the greater the work needed to decrease entropy. Jan 14, 2014 lecture 15 first law of thermodynamics 1.
An engineering approach, cengel and boles applied thermodynamics, eastop and mcconkey. The application of first law of thermodynamics process led to the establishment of a new property named internal energy u, the application of the second law to a process leads to the establishment of another new property names as entropy s. The second law of thermodynamics is one of the most fundamental laws of nature, having profound implications. State the four fundamental laws of thermodynamics section. Thermodynamics second law of thermodynamics in the course of discussions on the first law of thermodynamics we concluded that all kinds of energy are equally useful, none of them is a preferred one, but in the case of isolated system it has to be conserved. Thermochemistry lecture 11 thermodynamics well be dealing with the energy of chemical reactions how do you keep track of it. The unrestrained expansion, or the temperature equilibration of the two bricks, are familiar processes. Second law of thermodynamics physics video by brightstorm. How often do quantum systems violate the second law of. The first, second, and third law of thermodynamics.
The second law of thermodynamics is concerned with the maximum fraction of a quantity of heat that can be converted into work. Second law of thermodynamics the first law of thermodynamics is a statement of the principle of conservation of energy. The law of conservation of energy states that the total energy of an isolated system is constant. The first law places no restriction on the direction of a process, and satisfying the. If a gas neither does external work nor takes in or gives out heat, dq 0 and dw 0, so that, by the first law of thermodynamics, du 0. Hot frying pans cool down when taken off the stove. The law is intended to allow the existence of an empirical parameter, the temperature, as a property of a system such that systems in thermal equilibrium with each. W is the work done by the system against external forces. Heat flows naturally from a hot object to a cold object. Apr 03, 2016 the application of first law of thermodynamics process led to the establishment of a new property named internal energy u, the application of the second law to a process leads to the establishment of another new property names as entropy s. Counterexamples to 2 have been constructed 7,8, whereas in ref. The second law of thermodynamics institute for energy and. Physics videos by eugene khutoryansky 592,093 views.
The second law of thermodynamics states that you can move heat from a hotter place to a colder place without doing work, but that you need to work to move heat from a colder place to a hotter place. Objective to achieve an understanding of principles of thermodynamics and to be able to use it. Nov 07, 20 jee maths limits iit jee most important questions for jee main 2020 vedantu vedantu math 1,315 watching live now. Moreover, the validity of thermodynamics for nitesize systems if t is su ciently near. However the difference between the heat added and the work done by the system is the same for all paths. In chemical systems, it is the study of chemical potential, reaction potential, reaction direction, and reaction extent 3. In this case the second law is a conservation law with. Like the first law, it is a generalization from an enormous amount of observation. Nptel video lectures, iit video lectures online, nptel youtube lectures, free video lectures, nptel online courses, youtube iit. Nptel video lectures, iit video lectures online, nptel youtube lectures, free video lectures, nptel online courses, youtube iit videos nptel courses. In this pictorial representation, the system is shown qualitatively with an original enthalpy and entropy.
1219 283 1282 917 865 385 190 439 137 1329 1612 425 121 855 1647 882 473 440 1249 1568 36 1215 1247 1417 1248 140 798 91 1523 389 8 833 393 598 1629 566 1212 550 251 787 1113 416 101 873 1032 1207 218 999 299